Friday, April 14, 2023

EPA Takes Important Step to Advance PFAS Strategic Roadmap, Requests Public Input and Data to Inform Potential Future Regulations under CERCLA

 

EPA Takes Important Step to Advance PFAS Strategic Roadmap, Requests Public Input and Data to Inform Potential Future Regulations under CERCLA

WASHINGTON (April 13, 2023) — Today, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is issuing an Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (ANPRM) asking the public for input regarding potential future hazardous substance designations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), also known as “Superfund.”

“Today’s announcement highlights EPA’s commitment to transparency and the use of the best available science to tackle PFAS pollution and protect people from exposure to these forever chemicals,” saidBarry N. Breen, Acting Assistant Administrator forEPA’s Office of Land and Emergency Management. “This is a key commitment under the Agency’s PFAS Strategic Roadmap and will provide an opportunity for a large and diverse group of stakeholders, including the public, state and local governments, Tribes, industry, businesses, environmental groups, and universities, to provide input and help EPA gather the latest science and information regarding PFAS.”

This request for input and information follows EPA’s September 2022 proposed rule to designate two PFAS — perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), and their salts and structural isomers — as hazardous substances under CERCLA. EPA is currently reviewing comments received on this proposed rule.

Through this ANPRM, EPA is seeking input on whether to propose to designate additional PFAS, including HFPO-DA, sometimes called GenX, and compounds that degrade in the environment by processes such as biodegradation, photolysis, and hydrolysis, to form certain PFAS. EPA is also seeking information on whether some PFAS compounds can or should be designated as a group or category.

PFAS can accumulate and persist in the human body for long periods of time and evidence from laboratory animal and human epidemiology studies indicates that exposure to these compounds may lead to cancer, reproductive, developmental, cardiovascular, liver, and immunological effects. Many known and potential sources of PFAS contamination are near communities already overburdened with pollution.

A Federal Register Notice has been published in the Federal Register at docket EPA-HQ-OLEM-2022-0922 and can be viewed on www.regulations.gov. The ANPRM will be open for a 60-day comment period through June 12, 2023.

EPA intends to carefully review all the comments and information received in response to this ANPRM.

An agency may publish an ANPRM in the Federal Register to seek input and obtain more information. If EPA decides to move forward with designating additional PFAS compounds as hazardous substances under CERCLA, the agency will publish a proposed rule and seek public comment.

EPA is not reopening or otherwise proposing to modify any existing regulations through this ANPRM.

Under the Roadmap, EPA is working across its programs and with its federal partners across the Biden-Harris Administration to develop solutions to the PFAS crisis and protect public health.

Read the ANRPM here.
Read more about EPA’s strategy to address PFAS here.
Read more about EPA’s Superfund program here. 

For further information: EPA Press Office (press@epa.gov)

Tuesday, March 21, 2023

We Went to East Palestine: What We Saw May Shock You

Thursday, March 16, 2023

Hemp plants can suck PFAS, aka "forever chemicals," out of the ground

Hemp, a variety of the plant Cannabis sativa, is often overshadowed by marijuana — a genetically distinct form of cannabis. Used for food, clothing, fuel, and plastics, it’s the seemingly more domestic member of the family.


However, new research suggests we should pay more attention to this nonpsychoactive substance. Hemp, scientists say, has an eco-friendly superpower: It can rid the environment of toxic chemicals.


Members of the Micmac (Mi'kmaq) Nation — a tribe indigenous to what’s now known as Canada’s eastern Maritime Provinces and parts of the northeastern United States — the activist group Upland Grassroots, and research scientists came together in 2019 to test methods for removing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from land located at the Loring Air Force Base. After years of lobbying and dispute, portions of the former bomber base were given back to the Aroostook Band of Micmacs in 2018.


On Tuesday, the eclectic team published a commentary reflecting on their work and progress in the journal Cell Press. The project, so far, is a success: Results suggest planting small fields of fiber hemp removed a primary type of PFAS at the polluted site, a chemical called perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS).


“Protecting the land is part of the Micmac beliefs,” Chief E. Peter Paul of the Micmac Nation said in the commentary. “Anything we can do to contribute to making the environment better, we want to be a part of.”


What you need to know first — The idea of removing toxic contaminants from the soil by planting certain plants is known as “phytoremediation.”


Hemp is “versatile in extracting many different kinds of chemicals from the soil,” Chelli Stanley, a member of Upland Grassroots, states in the commentary.

Previous research has also demonstrated industrial hemp can be effective in phytoremediation.


“Hemp phytoremediation has been previously used for other types of soil contaminants – mainly metals,” Sara L. Nason, one of the lead researchers on the project, tells Inverse. Nason is a scientist affiliated with the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment station.


Hemp plants can suck PFAS, aka "forever chemicals," out of the ground

Friday, March 3, 2023

Mead Nebraska Ongoing Environmental Disaster

Host: Cathy Wyatt Guests: #1 Eleanor Rogan, Ph.D. | College of Public Health, UNMC #2 Judy Wu-Smart, Ph.D. | Department of Entomology, UN-L #3 Janece Mollhoff | Resident, Ashland, NE An idea that normally could provide environmental benefits backfires. Since 2015, the ethanol plant was using treated corn, coated with fungicides and insecticides, including harmful bee-killing neonics, to produce its biofuel. The state finally filed a lawsuit in 2021 and ordered the plant shut down. Learn what has happened since then, how concerned those living in and around the area should be, and where we go from here.

Saturday, February 25, 2023

Microbe Bacteria DIOXIN Remediation

 Ohio Trainwreck Bioremediation Soil Treatment Research

JOINT STUDY OF BIOREMEDIATION AT PILOT SCALE FOR DETOXIFICATION OF HERBICIDE/DIOXIN IN DA NANG HOT SPOT, VIETNAM

Dang TCH1, Allen H2, Nguyen BH1, Fong V2, Dam TH1, Nguyen NQ1, Nguyen QH1, Phung KHC3, Dao TNA1 

Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST);  
US Environment Protection Agency (EPA); Military Institute of Chemical and Environmental Research, MOD Vietnam

Introduction

Biodegradation of tetrachloro dibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) has been reported in the scientific literature, in the laboratory, and in pilot studies. From 1999 to 2009, Vietnamese researchers conducted several studies to detoxify heavily contaminated soil in the former Da Nang military base1
Full-scale bioremediation of 3,384 m3 of dioxin contaminated soil was demonstrated in Bien Hoa, Vietnam, in 2009. Several international scientific work groups have concluded that bioremediation is the most environmentally responsible and cost-effective remedy for cleaning up Agent Orange residues at the former air bases in Vietnam.

More than 30 years after the US-Vietnam War, spilled Agent Orange defoliant solution containing traces of the dioxins, TCDD and octachloro dibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD), 2,4,5-T, 2,4-D, and chlorophenols (TCP and DCP) remains in the soil and in lake sediment affected by contaminated soil, which had been carried by runoff from the former military airbase in Da Nang2 . Natural attenuation of the herbicides and dioxins has not been effective in detoxifying the soil or sediment. 

This first joint study by Vietnamese and American researchers was conducted to
demonstrate whether the soil in Da Nang can be bioremediated effectively using aerobic or anaerobic microbial processes. This study also sought to provide engineering design guidance to support the selection of either an aerobic or an anaerobic amendment recipe and an operating strategy to optimize biological treatment. 

Conclusions Aerobic bioremediation is capable of significantly reducing TCDD toxicity (p=0.0026). Bioaugmentation with small amounts of treated soil or contaminated sediment may be effective for anaerobic treatment. However, if suitable growth conditions are provided, the indigenous microbes in the mixed soil and sediment at Da Nang appear capable of degrading TCDD without adding another source of microbes. Anaerobic bioremediation rate is about half the rate of aerobic treatment, but the results are not as significant (p=0.25). From our of point active landfill containing both aerobic and anaerobic degradation become feasible resolution for detoxification of heavy herbicide/dioxin in full scale in Vietnam. 

Bioremediation is recognized as a “Green Technology,” which has a very low energy requirement and produces few emissions. Bioremediation is a permanent solution which produces a soil which can be returned to beneficial use. Knowledge gained from this project by both Vietnamese and US scientists will allow for design of customized recipes suitable for addressing dioxin and other persistent organic pollution problems throughout Vietnam and elsewhere 



Full-Scale Incineration System Demonstration

 Full-Scale Incineration System Demonstration at the Naval Battalion Construction Center, Gulfport, Mississippi

Air Force Engineering and Services Center, ESL-TR-89-39, 1991
Cook, J.A., D.J. Haley, et al.

The overall goal of the project was to determine the cost and effectiveness of a 100 ton/day rotary kiln incinerator in processing soil contaminated with dioxins and other hazardous constituents of Herbicide Orange.

Vol 1: Project SummaryAdobe PDF Logo
Vol 2: Part 1 - Contains the final report on the trial burnsAdobe PDF Logo
Vol 2: Part 2 - Contains Appendices A-HAdobe PDF Logo
Vol 3: Treatability Tests, Part 1Adobe PDF Logo
Vol 3: Treatability Tests, Part 2Adobe PDF Logo
Vol 3: Treatability Tests, Part 3Adobe PDF Logo
Vol 3: Treatability Tests, Part 4Adobe PDF Logo
Vol 3: Treatability Tests, Part 5Adobe PDF Logo
Vol 4: Incinerator OperationsAdobe PDF Logo
Vol 5: Incinerator AvailabilityAdobe PDF Logo
Vol 6: Soil ExcavationAdobe PDF Logo
Vol 7: Project Management/Site ServicesAdobe PDF Logo
Vol 8: DelistingAdobe PDF Logo



This research paper from 1991 from the EPA Clu-In Files for Dioxin Incineration System provides a Diagram source file: 
Dioxin Treatment Technologies
November 1991
OTA-BP-O-93
NTIS order #PB92-152511
https://clu-in.org/download/contaminantfocus/dioxins/Dioxin-Treatment-Technologies-OTA-9116.pdf
Dioxin Treatment Technologies November 1991 OTA-BP-O-93 NTIS order #PB92-152511 https://clu-in.org/download/contaminantfocus/dioxins/Dioxin-Treatment-Technologies-OTA-9116.pdf
Dioxin Treatment TechnologiesNovember 1991OTA-BP-O-93NTIS order #PB92-152511https://clu-in.org/download/contaminantfocus/dioxins/Dioxin-Treatment-Technologies-OTA-9116.pdf


 

LIQUID INJECTION INCINERATION TECHNOLOGY Liquid injection (LI) is not currently available for dioxin treatment, but it has been used aboard ships for ocean-based incineration of Agent Orange. It is also employed in many industrial and manufacturing sectors for treatment of hazardous organic and inorganic wastes. As shown in figure 2-3, the typical LI incinerator consists of a burner, two combustion chambers (primary and secondary), a quench chamber, a scrubber, and a stack. Vertical LI incinerators are preferred for treating liquid waste rich in organics and salts (and therefore ash) because the incinerator unit can be used as its own stack to facilitate the handling of generated ash. Portions of the vertical LI unit can also be used as a secondary combustion chamber. The horizontally shaped LI units are connected to a tall stack and are preferred for treating liquid waste that generates less ash. In both systems, the use of external waste storage and blending tanks helps maintain the waste in a homogeneous form and at a steady flow.37 Some of the limitations that must be considered before applying LI incineration to dioxin destruction include the following: ● ● ● LI systems are applicable only to combustible low-viscosity liquids and slurries that can be pumped; waste must be atomized prior to injection into the combustor; and particle size is critical because burners are susceptible to clogging at the nozzles.3




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