Department of Defense Phytoremediation Failure

The readers of this blog have a better understanding of advanced phytoremediation systems than it looks like the Department of Defense has.  

Kenaf Hibiscus Cannabinus L for Phytoremediation -Science Studies-

• Phytoextraction of As and Fe using Hibiscus cannabinus L. from soil polluted with landfill leachate.

  Meera M, Agamuthu P.Int J Phytoremediation. 2012 Feb;14(2):186-99. doi: 10.1080/15226514.2011.587481.PMID: 22567704
• Effects of peat on plant growth and lead and zinc phytostabilization from lead-zinc mine tailing in southern China: Screening plant species resisting and accumulating metals.

  Tang C, Chen Y, Zhang Q, Li J, Zhang F, Liu Z.Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2019 Jul 30;176:42-49. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.03.078. Epub 2019 Mar 25.PMID: 30921695
• Potential of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) and corn (Zea mays L.) for phytoremediation of dredging sludge contaminated by trace metals.

  Arbaoui S, Evlard A, Mhamdi Mel W, Campanella B, Paul R, Bettaieb T.Biodegradation. 2013 Jul;24(4):563-7. doi: 10.1007/s10532-013-9626-5. Epub 2013 Feb 23.PMID: 23436151
• Ascorbate-Glutathione Cycle and Ultrastructural Analyses of Two Kenaf Cultivars (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) under Chromium Stress.

  Niu L, Cao R, Kang J, Zhang X, Lv J.Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018 Jul 11;15(7):1467. doi: 10.3390/ijerph15071467.PMID: 29997377 Free PMC article.
• Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) Seed and its Potential Food Applications: A Review.

  Giwa Ibrahim S, Karim R, Saari N, Wan Abdullah WZ, Zawawi N, Ab Razak AF, Hamim NA, Umar RA.J Food Sci. 2019 Aug;84(8):2015-2023. doi: 10.1111/1750-3841.14714. Epub 2019 Jul 30.PMID: 31364175 Review.
• [Using kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) to reclaim multi-metal contaminated acidic soil].

  Yang YX, Lu HL, Zhan SS, Deng TH, Lin QQ, Wang SZ, Yang XH, Qiu RL.Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao. 2013 Mar;24(3):832-8.PMID: 23755502 Chinese.
• Nitrogen dioxide at an ambient level improves the capability of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) to decontaminate cadmium.

  Takahashi M, Adam SE, Konaka D, Morikawa H.Int J Phytoremediation. 2008 Jan-Feb;10(1):73-6. doi: 10.1080/15226510701827085.PMID: 18709933
• Phytotreatment of soil contaminated with used lubricating oil using Hibiscus cannabinus.

  Abioye OP, Agamuthu P, Abdul Aziz AR.Biodegradation. 2012 Apr;23(2):277-86. doi: 10.1007/s10532-011-9506-9. Epub 2011 Aug 26.PMID: 21870160
• Potential of Sonchus arvensis for the phytoremediation of lead-contaminated soil.

  Surat W, Kruatrachue M, Pokethitiyook P, Tanhan P, Samranwanich T.Int J Phytoremediation. 2008 Jul-Aug;10:325-42. doi: 10.1080/15226510802096184.PMID: 19260217
• Physiological responses and tolerance of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) exposed to chromium.

  Ding H, Wang G, Lou L, Lv J.Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2016 Nov;133:509-18. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.08.007. Epub 2016 Aug 21.PMID: 27553521
• Morpho-physiological traits, biochemical response and phytoextraction potential of short-term copper stress on kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) seedlings.

  Saleem MH, Fahad S, Rehman M, Saud S, Jamal Y, Khan S, Liu L.PeerJ. 2020 Jan 30;8:e8321. doi: 10.7717/peerj.8321. eCollection 2020.PMID: 32030320 Free PMC article.
• Phytoremediation of lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) by Melastoma malabathricum L. from contaminated soil in separate exposure.

  Selamat SN, Abdullah SR, Idris M.Int J Phytoremediation. 2014;16(7-12):694-703. doi: 10.1080/15226514.2013.856843.PMID: 24933879
• Growth and lead accumulation by the grasses Vetiveria zizanioides and Thysanolaena maxima in lead-contaminated soil amended with pig manure and fertilizer: a glasshouse study.

  Rotkittikhun P, Chaiyarat R, Kruatrachue M, Pokethitiyook P, Baker AJ.Chemosphere. 2007 Jan;66(1):45-53. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.05.038. Epub 2006 Jul 10.PMID: 16828842
• Phytostabilization of a Pb-contaminated mine tailing by various tree species in pot and field trial experiments.

  Meeinkuirt W, Pokethitiyook P, Kruatrachue M, Tanhan P, Chaiyarat R.Int J Phytoremediation. 2012 Oct;14(9):925-38. doi: 10.1080/15226514.2011.636403.PMID: 22908655
• Role of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid on lead uptake and translocation by tumbleweed (salsola kali L.).

  de la Rosa G, Peralta-Videa JR, Cruz-Jimenez G, Duarte-Gardea M, Martinez-Martinez A, Cano-Aguilera I, Sharma NC, Sahi SV, Gardea-Torresdey JL.Environ Toxicol Chem. 2007 May;26(5):1033-9. doi: 10.1897/06-239r.1.PMID: 17521152
• Bioremediation of industrially contaminated soil using compost and plant technology.

  Taiwo AM, Gbadebo AM, Oyedepo JA, Ojekunle ZO, Alo OM, Oyeniran AA, Onalaja OJ, Ogunjimi D, Taiwo OT.J Hazard Mater. 2016 Mar 5;304:166-72. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.10.061. Epub 2015 Oct 30.PMID: 26551220
• Effect of Emulsification Method and Particle Size on the Rate of in vivo Oral Bioavailability of Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) Seed Oil.

  Cheong AM, Tan CP, Nyam KL.J Food Sci. 2018 Jul;83(7):1964-1969. doi: 10.1111/1750-3841.14191. Epub 2018 May 26.PMID: 29802733
• Phytoremediation of wastewater containing lead (Pb) in pilot reed bed using Scirpus grossus.

  Tangahu BV, Abdullah SR, Basri H, Idris M, Anuar N, Mukhlisin M.Int J Phytoremediation. 2013;15(7):663-76. doi: 10.1080/15226514.2012.723069.PMID: 23819266
• Phytoextraction of Pb and Cd by the Mediterranean saltbush (Atriplex halimus L.): metal uptake in relation to salinity.

  Manousaki E, Kalogerakis N.Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2009 Nov;16(7):844-54. doi: 10.1007/s11356-009-0224-3. Epub 2009 Jul 14.PMID: 19597858
• Lead accumulation, growth responses and biochemical changes of three plant species exposed to soil amended with different concentrations of lead nitrate.

  Chandrasekhar C, Ray JG.Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2019 Apr 30;171:26-36. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.12.058. Epub 2018 Dec 27.PMID: 30594754

ElectroHemp 2019 Plans

2019 is the year ElectroHemp takes Phytoremediation Assisted Science to the Field in Pilot Study activities.
The Future Phytoremediation Assisted Soil and Water Cleanup Pilot Study Activity will include:

1. Business Partnerships
2. Job openings
3. Science and Scientific collaboration

ElectroHemp Green Remediation Intro

ElectroHemp Pilot Study's will be undertaken to perfect and streamline the organic green remediation system and process of the Team has been fine-tuning.
ElectroHemp Job Opportunity Examples: 9 or More job slots with possible Dual and Tri job responsibilities.

• Volunteers
• College Internships
• Hazmat Equipment Operator / Driver
• Greenhouse / Horticulturalists
• Environmental Scientist Laboratory & Testing Technician
• Mechanical + Equipment Mechanic
• Electronics Equipment Installation + maintenance
• Records and Bookkeeper 
• Attorney Environmental + Patents
• Spokesmen - Advertising 
• Marketing - Sales - Contracts

 If you are interested in joining the ElectroHemp team or have a property in the St.Louis Region you need assistance with we are interested in working with you.

ElectroHemp cleans soil and water with a Phytoremediation assisted process that turns pollution into cash.

Natural biofilters for toxic metals

The following Science Paper highlights how ElectroHemp Phytoremediation Rafts can be used as Biofilters to clean pollution from water sources.

Phytoremediation Raft Infographic- Plants cycle water toxins when grown on Rafts

a wide variety of agricultural and forestry by products have been used as biosorbents of toxic metals in a bid to develop biofilters for specific applications Electronic Journal of Biotechnology: 

The added benefit of how ElectroHemp equips these rafts with Electrokinetics will actually increase the toxic contamination removal because of the forced migration of the toxins is directed towards the rafts and plants roots which growing on the Phytoremediation Rafts.

ElectroHemp Phytoremediation Raft designs can be designed to remove any number or combination of toxic pollutants found in water sources.

 Real Life Example phytoremediation raft design for the removal of Lead (Pb) from Water

A floating phytoremediation raft constructed of: waste tea leaves, Pinus pinaster bark, Olea europea, Acacia nilotica bark. Which has these plant examples growing on it: Kenaf, Water Lettuce, Alligator Weed create a combination of Natural Solutions in the detoxification of Lead (Pb) from water. Scotty, ElectroHemp 

Phytoremediation Science Paper link

• i) Cotton - Hg; Groundnut skins - Cu; 
• Tree Bark (Pinus, Acacia etc.) - variety of metals; 
• Agrowaste - variery of metals; 
• waste tea leaves - Pb, Cd, and Zn; 
• Pinus radiata -U; 
• Apple waste -Variety of metals; 
• Cellulose - Variety of metals; Rice hulls - Variety of metals; 
• Exhausted coffee grounds - Hg; 
• Pinus pinaster bark - Zn, Cu, Pb. Saw mill dust (wood waste)- Cr; 
• Freshwater green algae - variety of metals; 
• Marine algae- Pb, Ni; 
• ii) Sphagnum (moss peat) - Cr(VI); 
• iii) Immobilized Aspergillus niger, A. oryzae - Cd, Cu, Pb, and Ni ; 
• Olive mill waste Olea europea Cr, Ni, Pb, Cd, and Zn, Cu and Ni; 
• Streptomyces rimosus (bacteria); 
• Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast); 
• Penicillium chrysogenum (fungi), Fuscus vesiculosus and Ascophyllum nodosum (marine algae) Zn, Cu andNi; Phanerochaete chrysosporium, P. versicolar - Pb, Ni, Cr, Cd, Cu; Pinus radiata - U;
• Immobilized Pseudomonas putida 5-X and Aspergillus niger, Mucor rouxxi - Cu; 
• Actionomycetes, Aspergillus niger, A.oryzae, Rhizopus arrhizus, R. nigricans- Cd; Rhizopus arrhizus - Cr(VI), Pb; Rhizopus nigricans, Phanarochaete chrysogenum -Pb; Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus arrhizus - Ni 

Acacia nilotica bark serves as an adsorbent of toxic metals. Bark (1 g) when added to 100 ml of aqueous solution containing 10 mg ml-1 metal solution exhibited different metal adsorption values for different metals. The order of metal adsorption being Cr > Ni > Cu > Cd> As > Pb. A similar trend of metal adsorption was observed when the bark is reused (1strecycle) Cr > Ni > Cu > Cd > Pb and also in the column-sorption. In order to verify the metal removal property of A. nilotica bark, toxicity bioassay with Salix viminalis stem cuttings in hydroponic system augmented with Cd, Cr and Pb together with A. nilotica bark powder was carried out. The results of toxicity bioassay confirmed the metal adsorption property of the bark powder. The functions of toxicity studies include leaf area, root length and number of new root primordia produced per stump. The leaf area, root length and number of new root primordia increased considerably in the presence of A. nilotica bark. The order of metal toxicity for leaf area and new root primordial is Cd > Cr > Pb. However, for root length the order of metal toxicity is Cr > Cd > Pb. The metal budgets of the leaf and root confirmed that the bark powder had adsorbed substantial amount of toxic metals and thus, alleviates the toxicity imposed by the various tested elements (Prasad et al. 2001).

Quercus ilex L. phytomass from stem, leaf and root as adsorbent of chromium, nickel, copper, cadmium and lead at ambient temperature was investigated. The metal uptake capacity of the root for different metals was found to be in the order of: Ni > Cd > Pb > Cu > Cr; stem Ni > Pb> Cu > Cd > Cr and leaf Ni > Cd > Cu > Pb > Cr. The highest amount adsorbed was Ni (root > leaf > stem). Data from this laboratory demonstrated that Ni is mostly sequestered in the roots where concentrations can be as high as 7.30 nmol/g dry weight, when one year old seedlings were treated with Ni (2000 mg/l) in pot culture experiments, compared to 0.13 nmol/g dry weight, in the control. This proves that the root biomass of Q. ilex has the capacity for complexing Ni. Chromium exhibited the least adsorption values for all the three types of phytomass compared to other metals. The trend of adsorption of the phytomass was similar for nickel and cadmium i.e. root > leaf > stem. Desorption with 10 mM Na2 EDTA was effective (55-90%). Hence, there exists the possibility of recycling the phytomass. The biosorption results of recycled phytomass suggests, that the selected adsorbents are reusable (Prasad and Freitas, 2000).

79 Research Articles on Phytoremediation for Bioenergy

its not Rocket Science its Phyto Science!  79 Research Articles used as a Reference in this Science paper by Helena Gomes.

Phytoremediation for bioenergy: challenges and opportunities

Helena I. Gomes 

Pages 59-66 | Received 23 Oct 2011, Accepted 20 May 2012, Accepted author version posted online: 24 May 2012, Published online: 25 Jun 2012

• Download citation
 
• https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2012.696715
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