Kenaf Hibiscus Cannabinus L for Phytoremediation -Science Studies-

• Phytoextraction of As and Fe using Hibiscus cannabinus L. from soil polluted with landfill leachate.

  Meera M, Agamuthu P.Int J Phytoremediation. 2012 Feb;14(2):186-99. doi: 10.1080/15226514.2011.587481.PMID: 22567704
• Effects of peat on plant growth and lead and zinc phytostabilization from lead-zinc mine tailing in southern China: Screening plant species resisting and accumulating metals.

  Tang C, Chen Y, Zhang Q, Li J, Zhang F, Liu Z.Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2019 Jul 30;176:42-49. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.03.078. Epub 2019 Mar 25.PMID: 30921695
• Potential of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) and corn (Zea mays L.) for phytoremediation of dredging sludge contaminated by trace metals.

  Arbaoui S, Evlard A, Mhamdi Mel W, Campanella B, Paul R, Bettaieb T.Biodegradation. 2013 Jul;24(4):563-7. doi: 10.1007/s10532-013-9626-5. Epub 2013 Feb 23.PMID: 23436151
• Ascorbate-Glutathione Cycle and Ultrastructural Analyses of Two Kenaf Cultivars (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) under Chromium Stress.

  Niu L, Cao R, Kang J, Zhang X, Lv J.Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018 Jul 11;15(7):1467. doi: 10.3390/ijerph15071467.PMID: 29997377 Free PMC article.
• Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) Seed and its Potential Food Applications: A Review.

  Giwa Ibrahim S, Karim R, Saari N, Wan Abdullah WZ, Zawawi N, Ab Razak AF, Hamim NA, Umar RA.J Food Sci. 2019 Aug;84(8):2015-2023. doi: 10.1111/1750-3841.14714. Epub 2019 Jul 30.PMID: 31364175 Review.
• [Using kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) to reclaim multi-metal contaminated acidic soil].

  Yang YX, Lu HL, Zhan SS, Deng TH, Lin QQ, Wang SZ, Yang XH, Qiu RL.Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao. 2013 Mar;24(3):832-8.PMID: 23755502 Chinese.
• Nitrogen dioxide at an ambient level improves the capability of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) to decontaminate cadmium.

  Takahashi M, Adam SE, Konaka D, Morikawa H.Int J Phytoremediation. 2008 Jan-Feb;10(1):73-6. doi: 10.1080/15226510701827085.PMID: 18709933
• Phytotreatment of soil contaminated with used lubricating oil using Hibiscus cannabinus.

  Abioye OP, Agamuthu P, Abdul Aziz AR.Biodegradation. 2012 Apr;23(2):277-86. doi: 10.1007/s10532-011-9506-9. Epub 2011 Aug 26.PMID: 21870160
• Potential of Sonchus arvensis for the phytoremediation of lead-contaminated soil.

  Surat W, Kruatrachue M, Pokethitiyook P, Tanhan P, Samranwanich T.Int J Phytoremediation. 2008 Jul-Aug;10:325-42. doi: 10.1080/15226510802096184.PMID: 19260217
• Physiological responses and tolerance of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) exposed to chromium.

  Ding H, Wang G, Lou L, Lv J.Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2016 Nov;133:509-18. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.08.007. Epub 2016 Aug 21.PMID: 27553521
• Morpho-physiological traits, biochemical response and phytoextraction potential of short-term copper stress on kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) seedlings.

  Saleem MH, Fahad S, Rehman M, Saud S, Jamal Y, Khan S, Liu L.PeerJ. 2020 Jan 30;8:e8321. doi: 10.7717/peerj.8321. eCollection 2020.PMID: 32030320 Free PMC article.
• Phytoremediation of lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) by Melastoma malabathricum L. from contaminated soil in separate exposure.

  Selamat SN, Abdullah SR, Idris M.Int J Phytoremediation. 2014;16(7-12):694-703. doi: 10.1080/15226514.2013.856843.PMID: 24933879
• Growth and lead accumulation by the grasses Vetiveria zizanioides and Thysanolaena maxima in lead-contaminated soil amended with pig manure and fertilizer: a glasshouse study.

  Rotkittikhun P, Chaiyarat R, Kruatrachue M, Pokethitiyook P, Baker AJ.Chemosphere. 2007 Jan;66(1):45-53. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.05.038. Epub 2006 Jul 10.PMID: 16828842
• Phytostabilization of a Pb-contaminated mine tailing by various tree species in pot and field trial experiments.

  Meeinkuirt W, Pokethitiyook P, Kruatrachue M, Tanhan P, Chaiyarat R.Int J Phytoremediation. 2012 Oct;14(9):925-38. doi: 10.1080/15226514.2011.636403.PMID: 22908655
• Role of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid on lead uptake and translocation by tumbleweed (salsola kali L.).

  de la Rosa G, Peralta-Videa JR, Cruz-Jimenez G, Duarte-Gardea M, Martinez-Martinez A, Cano-Aguilera I, Sharma NC, Sahi SV, Gardea-Torresdey JL.Environ Toxicol Chem. 2007 May;26(5):1033-9. doi: 10.1897/06-239r.1.PMID: 17521152
• Bioremediation of industrially contaminated soil using compost and plant technology.

  Taiwo AM, Gbadebo AM, Oyedepo JA, Ojekunle ZO, Alo OM, Oyeniran AA, Onalaja OJ, Ogunjimi D, Taiwo OT.J Hazard Mater. 2016 Mar 5;304:166-72. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.10.061. Epub 2015 Oct 30.PMID: 26551220
• Effect of Emulsification Method and Particle Size on the Rate of in vivo Oral Bioavailability of Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) Seed Oil.

  Cheong AM, Tan CP, Nyam KL.J Food Sci. 2018 Jul;83(7):1964-1969. doi: 10.1111/1750-3841.14191. Epub 2018 May 26.PMID: 29802733
• Phytoremediation of wastewater containing lead (Pb) in pilot reed bed using Scirpus grossus.

  Tangahu BV, Abdullah SR, Basri H, Idris M, Anuar N, Mukhlisin M.Int J Phytoremediation. 2013;15(7):663-76. doi: 10.1080/15226514.2012.723069.PMID: 23819266
• Phytoextraction of Pb and Cd by the Mediterranean saltbush (Atriplex halimus L.): metal uptake in relation to salinity.

  Manousaki E, Kalogerakis N.Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2009 Nov;16(7):844-54. doi: 10.1007/s11356-009-0224-3. Epub 2009 Jul 14.PMID: 19597858
• Lead accumulation, growth responses and biochemical changes of three plant species exposed to soil amended with different concentrations of lead nitrate.

  Chandrasekhar C, Ray JG.Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2019 Apr 30;171:26-36. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.12.058. Epub 2018 Dec 27.PMID: 30594754

Uranium Water Biofilter Remediation

ElectroHemp blog post on Uranium Reducing Phytoremediation Raft Design

ElectroHemp Phytoremediation Raft designs can be designed to remove any number or combination of toxic pollutants found in water sources

Previously ElectroHemp highlighted how Natural biofilters for toxic metals can be used for Pb (Lead) Removal. This same technique can be used for Uranium (U) removal. 
All that needs to be done is substitute the Raft and Plants that will extract Uranium and it's by products.
Example: A phytoremediation raft can be constructed with these biosorbing products: Tree Bark (Pinus, Acacia), Agro Wastes (Tea Leaves, Rice Hulls) Apple Wastes . With these type of hyperaccumulating plant species: Hemp, Kenaf, Sun Flowers, Mustard Grass, Rape, even some Grasses 
To ensure all the Toxic Contamination comes in contact with the Raft and Plant Roots growing on the Phytoremediation Rafts that phytoextract the toxins. ElectroHemps uses Electrokinetics into the Remediation removal process. Electrokinetics draws toxins where directed.

ElectroHemps combines Electrokinetics, Phytoremediation, and Biofilters into the Remediation removal process. Key point: Electrokinetics draws toxins where directed.

Phytoremediation EPA Field Research

Phytoremediation and prior EPA Field demonstrated projects to remediate heavy metals proves Bioremediation is a viable and cost saving option for Radianuclides removal.
The EPA has previously listed about 194 ongoing Phytoremediation / bioremediation field research projects. Yr 2000

194 ongoing phytoremediation field research projects, EPA 

Heavy metals and radionuclides represent about 30% of this activity supporting that bioremediation is a feasible technology to decontaminate the environment. 

Unlike many organic contaminants most:

•  metals and radionuclides cannot be eliminated from the environment by chemical or biological transformation. 
• Although it may be possible to reduce the toxicity of certain metals by influencing their speciation, 
• they do not degrade and are persistent in the environment. 

The conventional remediation technologies that are used to clean heavy metal polluted environments are:

• soil in situ vitrification
• soil incineration
• excavation and landfill
• soil washing
• soil flushing
• solidification
• stabilization with electrokinetic systems 

Source: Electronic Journal of Biotechnology

Heavy Metal Pollution Nuclear Waste Disposal that Generates Electricity

Diagram ElectroHemp BioRad Hazardous Waste Disposal system that generates Electricity 

I'm going to get honest with this post. I feel that most of the phytoremediation studies and systems fall short on the disposal of the contaminated plant materials which were used to soak up the heavy metals within the plants with or without the assistance of electrokinetics that speed things up.

When the ElectroHemp team was researching and perfecting our system of Heavy Metal removal system- we realized we did not want to add to the growing problem of where to put Radioactive Plant Materials in Long-Term Storage as suggested in 90%+ of all the studies we researched.

There has to be a better way and system for what to do with the toxic plant materials. Since the team is comprised of out-of-the-box thinkers who do not follow those who say it can't be done. We developed the BioRad Disposal tanks that address and solve the Long-Term Storage issue.

Yes, you read that correctly: Long-Term Storage of Radioactive Plant Materials is eliminated with the 5 Stage Hazardous Waste Removal System.

ElectroHemp Nuclear Waste BioRad Disposal-Clean Energy Generator System

ElectroHemp BioRad Nuclear Waste Disposal that  Generates Electricity for Grid Tied or Off-grid Clean Energy from Nuclear Waste and Heavy Metals.